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HomeProductsIntegrated Circuits (ICs)Specialized ICsATMEGA168PA
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ATMEGA168PA - Atmel

Manufacturer Part Number
ATMEGA168PA
Manufacturer
Atmel
Allelco Part Number
41D-ATMEGA168PA
Warranty
1 Year Allelco Warranty - Find out more
Stock Status:
9,330 pcs available, New & Original
Parts Description
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Category
Integrated Circuits (ICs) > Specialized ICs
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ATMEGA168PA Tech Specifications
Atmel - ATMEGA168PA technical specifications, attributes, parameters and parts with similar specifications to Atmel - ATMEGA168PA

Product Attribute Attribute Value
Part Number ATMEGA168PA
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Description -
Stock Condition Get 9330 pcs available quantity at Allelco
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Allelco Certifications ESD / ISO 9001 / ISO 13485 / ISO 28000
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Transport port Hong Kong
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Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ)

How does the ATMEGA168PA handle brown-out detection, and what voltage threshold should I expect for reliable operation in low-power applications?
The ATMEGA168PA includes an on-chip brown-out detector (BOD) that monitors the VCC supply voltage to prevent operation below a safe threshold. When enabled via software configuration, the BOD triggers a reset if VCC drops below approximately 1.8V, ensuring the microcontroller resets before data corruption occurs. This is particularly important in battery-powered systems where voltage sag during load transients could otherwise lead to unpredictable behavior. The actual threshold may vary slightly depending on temperature and process variations, but it remains within ±0.15V of the nominal 1.8V level across industrial temperature ranges.
What is the maximum clock frequency the ATMEGA168PA can operate at when running from an external crystal oscillator?
The ATMEGA168PA can reliably run up to 20 MHz when operating with an external crystal connected directly to its XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins. This assumes proper load capacitance matching (typically 22pF), stable supply voltage (2.7–5.5V), and adequate PCB layout practices including short traces and decoupling capacitors. Beyond 20 MHz, internal timing margins decrease, which may compromise stability unless compensated by reducing supply voltage or using internal PLLs, though the device does not include a built-in PLL for frequency multiplication.
Can the ATMEGA168PA safely interface with 5V logic levels while powered from 3.3V, and how do I manage level translation?
Yes, the ATMEGA168PA supports mixed-voltage operation within specified limits. Its I/O pins can tolerate up to 5.5V even when the core is supplied at 3.3V, allowing direct connection to 5V TTL/CMOS peripherals without external level shifters—provided the 5V signal does not exceed VCC + 0.5V on any pin. However, care must be taken to avoid backpowering the device through I/O lines; using series resistors (e.g., 1kΩ) and ensuring unidirectional flow minimizes risk. For bidirectional communication such as SPI or I²C, pull-up resistors must match the higher voltage rail appropriately.
How many PWM channels are available on the ATMEGA168PA, and how do they differ between Timer/Counter units?
The ATMEGA168PA provides six PWM-capable output channels distributed across three 8-bit Timer/Counters: Timer0, Timer1, and Timer2. Specifically, two channels each from Timer1 (OC1A, OC1B) support fast PWM and phase-correct PWM modes, while Timer0 offers one channel (OC0A) and Timer2 provides two (OC2A, OC2B). Each timer can operate independently at frequencies determined by prescaler settings and clock source. Timer1 supports 16-bit resolution when used with phase-correct PWM, enabling fine duty cycle control for motor speed or LED dimming applications requiring sub-microsecond precision.
In comparison to the ATMEGA328P, what key architectural improvements does the ATMEGA168PA offer for compact embedded designs?
While both share similar instruction sets and peripheral integration, the ATMEGA168PA features a refined power management system with more granular sleep modes and lower active current consumption—approximately 1.5 mA at 1 MHz and 3.0V compared to around 2.0 mA in the ATMEGA328P under identical conditions. Additionally, the PA variant includes improved noise immunity in I/O drivers and enhanced ESD protection on all pins. The reduced package options (such as SOIC-20 and QFN-32) also make it preferable for space-constrained layouts, though flash memory capacity remains 16 KB versus 32 KB in the larger sibling.
What precautions should be taken when programming the ATMEGA168PA using ISP, especially regarding clock source selection during fuse configuration?
During ISP programming, the target microcontroller’s clock source is temporarily overridden by the programmer’s clock signal. If the fuses are configured to use an internal RC oscillator (e.g., CKSEL=0010) and the fuse bits are later changed to require an external crystal, the chip may become unresponsive until reflashed. Therefore, always verify that the intended clock source matches the hardware setup before writing fuse bytes. Using an external 16 MHz crystal during development simplifies this process and avoids recovery issues, as the ISP signal itself acts as a temporary clock source regardless of internal configuration.
How does the ATMEGA168PA implement watchdog timer functionality, and what are the minimum and maximum timeout periods achievable?
The ATMEGA168PA integrates a dedicated Watchdog Timer (WDT) that operates independently of the main CPU and clock source. Once enabled, it resets the device after a fixed interval based on internal calibration. With no prescaler, the shortest timeout is approximately 16 ms; with the longest prescaler setting, it extends to about 2 seconds. These values assume a nominal 1 MHz internal oscillator; actual durations shift proportionally with clock frequency changes. The WDT cannot be disabled once enabled except by a full reset, making it ideal for detecting software hangs in safety-critical loops without requiring additional external components.
Is it possible to read the unique signature row of the ATMEGA168PA during normal application execution, and how might this affect security or debugging?
Yes, the ATMEGA168PA exposes its three-byte signature row—identifying device type, revision, and manufacturer—via special function registers (SPMCSR and SPCR) when accessed through the bootloader or custom firmware using SPM instructions. Reading this data requires precise timing and knowledge of the flash page buffer mechanism. While not encrypted, exposing this information aids in debugging but poses minimal security risk since it only confirms device identity. However, if combined with other side-channel attacks or physical probing, repeated reads could assist reverse engineering efforts, so sensitive designs should avoid unnecessary exposure of memory access patterns.
What is the typical active current consumption of the ATMEGA168PA at 1 MHz and 3.3V, and how does it compare in sleep modes?
At 1 MHz and 3.3V, the ATMEGA168PA draws approximately 1.8 mA in active mode with all peripherals enabled. When entering Power-down sleep mode with the watchdog disabled and interrupts configured, current drops to around 0.6 µA, extending battery life significantly in duty-cycled applications like remote sensors. In Standby mode—where the 8 MHz internal RC oscillator remains active—consumption rises to about 1.0 mA, suitable for applications needing quick wake-up times. These figures align closely with Atmel’s published specifications and reflect optimized power gating across major functional blocks.
How should decoupling capacitors be placed near the ATMEGA168PA to ensure stable operation under high-frequency switching loads?
Each VCC pin (including AVCC if analog features are used) should have a 0.1 µF ceramic capacitor placed as close as possible to the pin pair, ideally within 2 mm. Additionally, a bulk capacitor (e.g., 10 µF tantalum or electrolytic) should be located near the power entry point to handle transient currents. Placement must minimize loop inductance—avoid routing power traces long distances before decoupling—and ground plane stitching vias should connect capacitor grounds directly to the MCU’s GND pins. Poor decoupling can cause voltage droop during ADC conversions or PWM bursts, leading to erratic behavior despite nominal supply readings.
What are the limitations of the ATMEGA168PA’s UART baud rate generator when using non-standard crystals?
The ATMEGA168PA uses a fractional baud rate generator that allows precise baud rates even with non-integer divisors. However, accuracy depends on the crystal tolerance and clock source stability. For example, with a 16 MHz ±10 ppm crystal, the worst-case baud error for a 9600 baud setting is less than 0.1%. But if using a cheaper ±5% crystal, errors can exceed 2%, causing frame slips in communication. Therefore, for reliable RS-232 or USB-UART bridging, either use high-precision oscillators or validate timing margins using UBRR calculations accounting for actual crystal deviation.
Can the ATMEGA168PA drive multiple LEDs simultaneously at full brightness without external transistors, and what limits its output capability?
Yes, the ATMEGA168PA can directly drive standard LEDs (forward voltage ~2V, current ~20 mA) on any GPIO pin, provided the total current drawn from all ports does not exceed 200 mA and no single pin exceeds 40 mA absolute maximum. For arrays of LEDs sharing a common cathode or anode, current limiting resistors per segment are essential. However, continuous full-brightness operation of more than four LEDs may necessitate heat dissipation planning due to internal power dissipation (P = I × V ≈ 68 mW per LED at 3.3V), potentially affecting thermal performance in sealed enclosures.
How does the ATMEGA168PA’s EEPROM endurance compare to flash memory, and what affects their respective lifespans?
The ATMEGA168PA’s EEPROM has an endurance rating of 100,000 write cycles per location, significantly lower than flash memory’s 10,000 cycles. However, flash endurance is sufficient for most firmware updates. EEPROM degradation occurs faster under frequent small writes due to wear-leveling limitations; thus, minimizing EEPROM usage by caching data in RAM or batch-writing improves longevity. Neither storage type is volatile, so retention exceeds 20 years at 85°C, but repeated cycling near rated limits accelerates failure. Designers should avoid byte-wise EEPROM updates in mission-critical logging scenarios.
What considerations apply when cascading multiple ATMEGA168PA-based nodes in a daisy-chain topology over SPI?
When connecting multiple ATMEGA168PAs via SPI, each node must have its SS (slave select) line controlled independently to prevent bus contention. Since all MOSI/MISO/SCK lines are shared, ensure tri-state outputs on unused nodes and avoid floating inputs. Clock polarity and phase (CPOL/CPHA) must match across devices, typically set to Mode 0 (clock idle low, data sampled rising edge). Also, note that the ATMEGA168PA’s SPI peripheral lacks automatic NSS handling, so software-driven chip selects are mandatory. Adding series resistors (22–100 Ω) on MOSI/MISO lines can suppress ringing in long traces, improving signal integrity at high speeds (>2 MHz).
How does the ATMEGA168PA support ADC conversion in single-ended versus differential input modes, and what resolution can be expected?
The ATMEGA168PA includes a 10-bit successive approximation ADC with eight multiplexed channels (ADC0–ADC7) and optional gain stages. In single-ended mode, it achieves up to 10-bit resolution (1024 steps) across 0–VREF range. In differential mode (e.g., ADC1 – ADC0), it supports programmable gains of 20x, 10x, or 1x, effectively increasing effective resolution to 11 bits at 20x gain for small-signal measurements. Internal bandgap reference provides VREF = 1.1V, but external references up to VCC (5.5V) allow higher dynamic range. Sampling rate is limited to 15 kSPS, so integration time must be balanced against noise filtering requirements.
What happens if the ATMEGA168PA experiences a latch-up condition, and how can it be mitigated?
Latch-up occurs when excessive current flows between power and ground rails due to parasitic thyristor structures in CMOS devices, potentially damaging the ATMEGA168PA if current exceeds 200 mA or duration exceeds 1 second. Symptoms include uncontrolled current draw, thermal runaway, and permanent failure. Mitigation includes strict adherence to absolute maximum ratings, using current-limiting resistors on I/O lines, avoiding hot-plugging, and ensuring VCC never exceeds 5.5V. Proper decoupling and layout reduce susceptibility; however, latch-up is irreversible once triggered, so robust power sequencing and transient protection (e.g., TVS diodes) are recommended in harsh environments.
How does the ATMEGA168PA’s reset circuitry behave when powered up, and what role do external components play?
On power-up, the ATMEGA168PA’s internal reset circuit holds the chip in reset until VCC reaches approximately 1.6V, ensuring stable startup. An external RC network (e.g., 10 kΩ resistor to VCC and 100 nF capacitor to RESET) can extend this delay if needed for slow-ramping supplies or brownout recovery. Pull-up resistors (10 kΩ typical) on the RESET pin are required to keep the line high during normal operation. Without proper pull-up, accidental grounding during soldering or ESD events could trigger unintended resets, disrupting system initialization.
What are the recommended start-up delays for the ATMEGA168PA after power stabilization, and why do they matter for peripheral initialization?
After VCC stabilizes above 2.7V, a minimum start-up time of 1 millisecond is recommended before executing code, allowing internal oscillators (if used) to stabilize and voltage regulators to settle. During this window, peripherals like the ADC or timers remain inactive, preventing spurious interrupts or incorrect initial states. For systems using external crystals, wait times increase to several milliseconds (up to 6 cycles of the crystal frequency). Skipping this delay risks race conditions in bootloaders or sensor drivers, especially when relying on precise timing for communication protocols like One-Wire or Manchester encoding.

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Customer Reviews

Evaluation: 10 Articles

  • Dani***alkerTech
    Jun 1, 2026

    Product works, but setup took more effort than expected. Once configured the MCU ran reliably, although documentation support felt older compared with newer platforms. Fine for maintenance projects.

  • Yuki***aka88
    May 26, 2026

    信号通信プロジェクトでこのRS-485トランシーバーを使用しました。設置は簡単で、長距離ケーブルでも通信は安定していました。消費電力も、以前使用していたものより低くなっています。

  • Stev***aker
    May 20, 2026

    Solid diode for power rectification. Works well in switching circuits.

  • Bran***Lewis
    May 11, 2026

    Compact FPGA with good performance. Suitable for basic signal processing tasks.

  • Oliv***arris
    May 7, 2026

    Reliable I/O expander. Works well in embedded control applications.

  • Jess***Jones
    Apr 17, 2026

    It offers good value for the price, and the specifications match the description. I’ve been using it for two days with no issues, and I’ll definitely buy it again if I need it in the future.

  • Mich***Smith
    Apr 17, 2026

    Shipping was on time, the component pins are neatly aligned, and I tested 10 of them with a multimeter—all readings were within the specified range. Highly recommended.

  • Aman***arris
    Apr 3, 2026

    It was great—the entire process, from placing the order to receiving the package, went very smoothly. The components were consistent, the price was fair, and I had a very pleasant shopping experience.

  • Mike***nch
    Apr 3, 2026

    Better than expected! The resistance and capacitance readings were spot-on, and it passed the test on the first try. The service was reliable, and the packaging was thoughtful—I highly recommend it.

  • Daic***K.
    Mar 23, 2026

    Very good. No issue after long time testing.

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Atmel

ATMEGA168PA

Atmel
41D-ATMEGA168PA

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