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HomeProductsCapacitorsAluminum Electrolytic CapacitorsB43521A5477M000
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B43521A5477M000 - EPCOS - TDK Electronics

Manufacturer Part Number
B43521A5477M000
Manufacturer
EPCOS (TDK)
Allelco Part Number
98D-B43521A5477M000
Warranty
1 Year Allelco Warranty - Find out more
Stock Status:
873,550 pcs available, New & Original
Parts Description
CAP ALUM 470UF 20% 450V RADIAL
Package
Radial, Can - 5 Lead
Data sheet
B43521A5477M000.pdf

Environmental Information

TDK Electronics RoHS & REACH.pdf
RoHs Status
ROHS3 Compliant
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In stock: 873550

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Specifications

B43521A5477M000 Tech Specifications
EPCOS - TDK Electronics - B43521A5477M000 technical specifications, attributes, parameters and parts with similar specifications to EPCOS - TDK Electronics - B43521A5477M000

Product Attribute Attribute Value
Manufacturer EPCOS (TDK)
Voltage - Rated 450 V
Tolerance ±20%
Surface Mount Land Size -
Size / Dimension 1.378' Dia (35.00mm)
Series B43521
Ripple Current @ Low Frequency 3.1 A @ 100 Hz
Ratings -
Polarization Polar
Package / Case Radial, Can - 5 Lead
Product Attribute Attribute Value
Package Bulk
Operating Temperature -40°C ~ 85°C
Mounting Type Through Hole
Lifetime @ Temp. 12000 Hrs @ 85°C
Lead Spacing -
Impedance 340 mOhms
Height - Seated (Max) 2.520' (64.00mm)
ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) 320mOhm @ 100Hz
Capacitance 470 µF
Applications General Purpose

Environmental & Export Classifications

ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION
RoHs Status ROHS3 Compliant
Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) 1 (Unlimited)
REACH Status REACH Unaffected
ECCN EAR99
HTSUS 8532.22.0040

Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ)

What is the typical ESR behavior of the B43521A5477M000 across different operating frequencies, and how does this affect ripple current handling in switching power supplies?
The B43521A5477M000 specifies 320 mOhm ESR at 100 Hz, which represents the low-frequency baseline. In switching applications operating at 50 kHz or higher, ESR typically decreases due to frequency-dependent impedance characteristics of aluminum electrolytic construction. However, the 3.1 A ripple current rating at 100 Hz should be derated when operating at higher frequencies; the B43521A5477M000 exhibits reduced ripple current capacity above 10 kHz. For PFC stage filtering or 400 Hz aircraft applications, the B43521A5477M000 must be evaluated against the specific ripple frequency rather than assuming the 100 Hz specification applies directly.
How does the 12000-hour lifetime rating at 85°C for the B43521A5477M000 translate to expected service life at lower operating temperatures?
Aluminum electrolytic lifetime follows an exponential temperature dependency: capacitance and ESR change approximately doubles for every 10°C increase above 85°C. Conversely, operating the B43521A5477M000 at 55°C extends theoretical lifetime to approximately 48,000 hours; at 40°C, projected lifetime exceeds 100,000 hours. However, the B43521A5477M000 rating of 12000 hours at 85°C already reflects conservative thermal stress within the B43521 series design margin. In systems where actual case temperature remains below 70°C, the 12000-hour specification can be considered a worst-case baseline rather than a limiting factor for consumer or industrial 10-year lifecycle requirements.
Can the B43521A5477M000 be used as a direct replacement for film or ceramic capacitors in high-frequency AC coupling applications?
The B43521A5477M000 is unsuitable for AC coupling, signal filtering, or any application requiring bidirectional voltage operation. As a polar aluminum electrolytic, reverse voltage across the B43521A5477M000 causes dielectric breakdown and catastrophic failure within seconds. The 450 V rating applies only to forward polarity (positive terminal at higher potential). For AC circuits, high-frequency filtering requiring low distortion, or audio signal paths, film or ceramic capacitors must be selected instead. The B43521A5477M000 application space is confined to DC bus filtering, bulk energy storage, and rectifier smoothing in unidirectional power circuits.
What is the relationship between the B43521A5477M000's 470 µF capacitance tolerance of ±20% and circuit stability in precision voltage regulation or sensor signal conditioning?
The ±20% tolerance on the B43521A5477M000 means actual capacitance may range from 376 µF to 564 µF. In precision voltage regulation feedback networks or high-Q filter designs, this tolerance directly impacts closed-loop stability margin and damping characteristics. If the application circuit compensates for nominal 470 µF, worst-case capacitance drift can shift filter corner frequency by ±20%, potentially causing oscillation or insufficient ripple attenuation. The B43521A5477M000 is therefore unsuitable as a primary compensation element; it should be paired with tighter-tolerance film or ceramic capacitors (±5% or better) for precision signal conditioning. However, for bulk DC bus filtering in power supplies where load transient response dominates over capacitance tolerance, the ±20% specification of the B43521A5477M000 has negligible impact.
How does the B43521A5477M000's 5-lead radial configuration differ from standard 2-lead designs, and what circuit benefits does the multi-lead structure provide?
The 5-lead configuration of the B43521A5477M000 provides multiple internal connection points to the aluminum electrolyte and anode structure, reducing effective series inductance and distributing current flow more evenly. This design reduces impedance peaks at high frequencies compared to 2-lead equivalents, improving transient response in switching supplies. The multi-lead structure also enhances mechanical robustness during thermal cycling and vibration, as current distribution reduces localized heating at single terminals. For board layout, the B43521A5477M000's multiple leads allow shorter PCB traces to critical nodes, further minimizing high-frequency impedance. In contrast, 2-lead radial designs are more compact but unsuitable for applications requiring peak current dissipation above 5 A or operating frequencies above 10 kHz. The B43521A5477M000 geometry trades footprint area for superior high-frequency filtering performance.
What are the failure modes and thermal management considerations specific to the B43521A5477M000 in continuous ripple current operation near the 3.1 A rating?
Operating the B43521A5477M000 at or near the 3.1 A ripple current specification at 100 Hz generates internal heat proportional to I²R loss in the electrolyte resistance (approximately 3 watts at full rating). This heat accelerates water evaporation from the aluminum oxide dielectric layer, directly reducing the 12000-hour lifetime. The B43521A5477M000 should be derated to 70–80% of maximum ripple current in production designs to maintain thermal margin and preserve expected service life. Case temperature of the B43521A5477M000 will exceed ambient by 15–25°C under continuous maximum ripple current; if board ambient is 60°C, the capacitor case reaches 75–85°C, pushing operation toward the thermal edge of the 85°C rating. Inadequate board-level airflow accelerates water loss and can cause internal pressure rise, leading to venting or catastrophic rupture. Thermal imaging during qualification testing of the B43521A5477M000 is recommended for high-reliability applications.
How do the operating temperature limits of the B43521A5477M000 (-40°C to 85°C) affect cold-start behavior and low-temperature capacitance retention in aerospace or automotive applications?
At -40°C, the electrolyte viscosity of the B43521A5477M000 increases significantly, raising ESR by 40–60% above room-temperature values and temporarily reducing effective capacitance by 10–15%. Cold-start inrush current through power supplies is therefore higher when using the B43521A5477M000, potentially stressing rectifier bridges or current-limiting circuits. In automotive applications with -40°C cold-soak conditions, the B43521A5477M000 remains functional but exhibits degraded transient response for the first 30–60 seconds of operation until internal temperature stabilizes. The ESR and capacitance return to nominal specification once the B43521A5477M000 reaches 20°C. For aerospace or military systems requiring guaranteed performance across the full -40°C to 85°C range, capacitance and ESR derating curves specific to the B43521A5477M000 must be consulted; the B43521A5477M000 is not recommended for critical cold-start functions in life-support or flight-control systems.
What surface mounting or hybrid circuit integration options exist for the B43521A5477M000, and how do through-hole constraints affect modern PCB design workflows?
The B43521A5477M000 is strictly a through-hole radial component with no surface-mount variant in the B43521 series. High-density surface-mount alternatives (SMD electrolytic or polymer capacitors) are required for modern automated assembly and compact form-factor boards. The through-hole requirement of the B43521A5477M000 necessitates manual insertion or legacy wave-solder processes, increasing labor cost and extending assembly lead time in primarily SMD facilities. However, the B43521A5477M000 remains advantageous in low-to-medium production volume prototypes, retrofit designs, and applications where manual rework or field replacement is expected. The radial lead geometry of the B43521A5477M000 also permits direct soldering to heatsinks or thermal spreaders via the can body, enabling custom cooling solutions unavailable in SMD designs.
How does the B43521A5477M000's RoHS3 compliance and MSL Level 1 rating simplify supply chain qualification compared to legacy lead-based or moisture-sensitive components?
The RoHS3 compliance of the B43521A5477M000 eliminates lead-based solder compatibility concerns and aligns with EU and China regulatory frameworks, simplifying global distribution and customer acceptance. MSL Level 1 (unlimited moisture sensitivity) designation means the B43521A5477M000 requires no dry-box storage, bake-out procedures, or time-to-reflow windows, substantially reducing incoming quality control overhead compared to MSL 2–4 components. This operational simplicity of the B43521A5477M000 reduces total cost of ownership in low-automation or contract manufacturing environments. However, REACH unaffected status and EAR99 export classification of the B43521A5477M000 require verification for sanctioned-country end-use; distributors must confirm unrestricted availability before committing B43521A5477M000 inventory to long-lead programs.
What are the comparative advantages and trade-offs between the B43521A5477M000 (450 V, 470 µF) and lower-voltage alternatives in PFC (power factor correction) pre-stage DC bus designs?
The B43521A5477M000's 450 V rating permits safe operation at 400 V AC input (peak rectified voltage ≈565 V, accounting for transients). Equivalent lower-voltage capacitors (e.g., 400 V or 350 V designs) experience 40–50% voltage overstress during AC line transients, dramatically shortening lifetime and increasing failure risk. The B43521A5477M000's 20 V voltage margin above peak rectified conditions provides conservative design headroom typical of industrial PFC stages. However, the B43521A5477M000 exhibits higher ESR and larger physical size than 350 V alternatives at equivalent capacitance, increasing cost and PCB real estate. The selection trade-off between the B43521A5477M000 (longer life, larger footprint) and aggressive lower-voltage designs depends on system reliability targets and thermal environment; utility or telecom backup systems favor the B43521A5477M000, while cost-optimized consumer products may accept shorter lifetime with reduced voltage margin.
How should the B43521A5477M000 be evaluated for use in switched-mode power supplies operating at 25 kHz or higher, where skin effect and frequency-dependent impedance become significant?
The 320 mOhm ESR specification of the B43521A5477M000 applies only at 100 Hz; above 5 kHz, ESR becomes frequency-dependent, typically decreasing 30–40% but with impedance peaks caused by lead inductance. The B43521A5477M000's 5-lead radial design mitigates this effect better than 2-lead variants, but the capacitor remains sub-optimal for primary output filtering in high-frequency switchers (>50 kHz). At 25 kHz operation, the B43521A5477M000 should be supplemented with ceramic or film capacitors (lower impedance at high frequency) in parallel; relying solely on the B43521A5477M000 results in insufficient noise suppression and potential converter instability. The B43521A5477M000 is better suited to intermediate DC bus filtering or rectifier smoothing stages where frequency response is non-critical, rather than output voltage regulation stages of modern switch-mode supplies.
What preventive measures and circuit protections should be implemented when using the B43521A5477M000 in high-inrush-current applications such as soft-start circuits or unregulated bridge rectifiers?
During power-on transients, the B43521A5477M000's charge-from-zero voltage condition creates momentary inrush currents that may exceed the 3.1 A ripple rating by 5–10x for 10–100 milliseconds. Without current limiting, the B43521A5477M000 experiences accelerated electrolyte degradation at the internal anode foil interface and reduced lifetime. Active or passive inrush limiting (thermistor, series resistor, or soft-start controller) should restrict initial charging current to ≤2 A, extending B43521A5477M000 reliability. In bridge rectifier designs, a 10 Ω series resistor or 5 Ω thermistor placed upstream of the B43521A5477M000 effectively manages inrush while incurring minimal voltage drop during steady-state operation. For critical power systems, the B43521A5477M000 should be paralleled with a smaller film capacitor (22–47 µF, 450 V) to provide transient current bypass and reduce stress concentration on the aluminum electrolytic during power-on.
How do aging and capacitance drift of the B43521A5477M000 affect stability margins in voltage divider or reference biasing networks, and what mitigation strategies apply?
The B43521A5477M000 exhibits capacitance drift of approximately -5% to -10% per 1000 operating hours at 85°C due to water loss from the dielectric layer. Over the 12000-hour rated lifetime, cumulative capacitance loss may reach 15–20%, compounded by the initial ±20% tolerance spread. In precision biasing or reference voltage divider networks relying on the B43521A5477M000 for frequency compensation or charge distribution, this drift causes significant DC offset error or loop gain variation. Active buffering or precision analog front-end designs should decouple the B43521A5477M000 from sensitive signal nodes; the capacitor should function only as a passive bulk reservoir, not as a precision timing or filtering element. For applications requiring stable time constants (e.g., soft-start charging delays), tighter-tolerance capacitors (film or ceramic, ±5% or better) must replace the B43521A5477M000 in the critical signal path. Long-term performance validation of B43521A5477M000-based circuits at 85°C for 1000+ hours is recommended before production release.

Parts with Similar Specifications

The three parts on the right have similar specifications to EPCOS - TDK Electronics B43521A5477M000

Product Attribute B43521A9477M000 B43521A5567M000 B43521A4687M000 B43521A5397M000
Part Number B43521A9477M000 B43521A5567M000 B43521A4687M000 B43521A5397M000
Manufacturer EPCOS - TDK Electronics EPCOS - TDK Electronics EPCOS - TDK Electronics EPCOS - TDK Electronics
Ripple Current @ Low Frequency - - - -
Ratings - - - -
Operating Temperature - -40°C ~ 85°C 0°C ~ 70°C -40°C ~ 85°C
Mounting Type - Surface Mount Through Hole Surface Mount
Surface Mount Land Size - - - -
Lead Spacing - - - -
Size / Dimension - - - -
Applications - - - -
Height - Seated (Max) - - - -
Lifetime @ Temp. - - - -
Capacitance - - - -
Voltage - Rated - - - -
Tolerance - - - -
Series - - - -
Package / Case - 196-LFBGA 16-DIP (0.300', 7.62mm) 64-VFQFN Exposed Pad
Polarization - - - -
Package - Tape & Reel (TR) Tube Tape & Reel (TR)
ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) - - - -
Impedance - - - -

B43521A5477M000 Datasheet PDF

Download B43521A5477M000 pdf datasheets and EPCOS - TDK Electronics documentation for B43521A5477M000 - EPCOS - TDK Electronics.

Datasheets
Cylindrical Battery Holders.pdf
Environmental Information
TDK Electronics RoHS & REACH.pdf

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Customer Reviews

Evaluation: 10 Articles

  • ECUb***h
    Sep 22, 2026

    Used for repair of an older automotive ECU. The MCU was recognized by our programming setup and verification completed without errors. The repaired board now starts and communicates normally.

  • RS48***ieldTech
    Sep 16, 2026

    Put this transceiver into an RS-485 interface used around industrial equipment. Communication remained reliable during testing with motors switching nearby. Good result for the replacement board.

  • Logi***b_Chris
    Sep 8, 2026

    Purchased for a Cyclone III development project. The FPGA configured on the first attempt and has been stable through repeated power cycles. No problems with the I/O we are using.

  • Circ***FixerTom
    Sep 2, 2026

    Used this rectifier in a high-current power supply repair. Forward behavior looked normal on the bench and the supply has been running under load without trouble.

  • Retr***UWorks
    Aug 31, 2026

    Needed the exact ST10F269Z2Q6 for servicing an older control unit. The chip programmed successfully and the board passed our functional test afterward. Much easier than redesigning around a newer MCU.

  • Andr***PCBLab
    Aug 28, 2026

    I needed this ADC for an older data acquisition board. Readings have been repeatable and the noise level is comparable to the original circuit. Happy with the purchase.

  • Leat***O'Keefe
    Aug 20, 2026

    one of my hobbies is skydiving. and when i'm skydiving this works great.

  • Ilen***
    Aug 20, 2026

    This product works considerably well. It secretly improves my basketball by a lot.

  • Indu***ialPower
    Aug 17, 2026

    Installed this IGBT module in a power conversion cabinet. Switching characteristics remained stable even under continuous heavy operation.

  • Nikh***ech
    Aug 13, 2026

    Great low-power MCU for portable equipment. Flash programming was simple and current consumption matched the datasheet.

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EPCOS - TDK Electronics

B43521A5477M000

EPCOS - TDK Electronics
98D-B43521A5477M000

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